What is a potential effect of large doses of caffeine during pregnancy?

Large doses of caffeine during pregnancy are associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage and low birth weight. Research indicates that excessive caffeine intake can affect placental blood flow and may interfere with fetal development, leading to complications. Caffeine is a stimulant that can cross the placental barrier, potentially impacting the developing fetus, especially in large amounts. This effect is especially concerning in the first trimester when the fetus is particularly vulnerable to teratogenic effects.

Other options present effects that either do not align with current scientific findings or are less substantiated in the context of pregnancy. While caffeine is known to temporarily increase energy levels for the mother, this does not outweigh the potential risks associated with high doses during pregnancy. Similarly, the notion of improved fetal growth or greater fetal movement lacks adequate evidence linking these outcomes directly to caffeine consumption at elevated levels. Thus, the association of large doses of caffeine with increased risks of miscarriage and low birth weight stands out as a significant concern during pregnancy.